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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their sole purpose is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with exceptionally altered strong jaws therefore enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, such as juveniles, they're fed by workers.5556 Fontanelles, simple holes in the forehead which exude defensive secretionsare a characteristic of their family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species have been readily identified using the qualities of the soldiers' bigger and darker head and massive mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers can use their globular (phragmotic) heads to block their narrow tunnels.58 Different sorts of soldiers include minor and major soldiers, and nasutes, that have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers are able to spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes in their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation plays an important role in nasute nutrition.60.
The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a prosperous female and male, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of the colony is responsible for egg production for its colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of the queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a feature known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen starts producing reproductive winged alates at a certain time of the year, and enormous swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others might further moult to become soldiers alates.
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Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are entirely female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, male and female employees may have different roles in a termite colony.63.
The entire life cycle of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete have a peek at this site metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and go through a series of moults as they develop.
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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of this colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, employees must feed thembut workers also take part in the social life of the colony and also have certain different activities to achieve like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones govern the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight occurs. Alate men and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they perform they excavate a room large enough for both, close up the entrance and move to mate.70 After mating, the set never go outside and spend the rest of their lives in the nest.
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By way of instance, alates in certain species emerge during the day in summer while others emerge during winter.71 The nuptial flight might also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, humidity, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also fluctuates, with the larger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but places as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is several years old.53 At adulthood, a primary queen has a fantastic capacity to lay eggs. In some species, the adult queen has a greatly distended abdomen and might create 40,000 eggs per day.72 The two mature ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles every.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times greater than before mating and reduces her ability to maneuver freely; attendant employees provide assistance.