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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their only real aim is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with highly altered powerful jaws so enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, like juveniles, they are fed by workers.5556 Fontanelles, easy holes in the eyebrow which exude defensive secretionsare a feature of the family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species are easily identified using the qualities of the soldiers' larger and darker head and massive mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers may use their globular (phragmotic) heads to block their narrow tunnels.58 Different sorts of soldiers include minor and significant soldiers, and nasutes, that have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers can spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes at their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation plays an important part in nasute nutrition.60.
The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a prosperous female and man, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for its colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In certain species, the abdomen of the queen swells up radically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of year, and huge swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.
A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into workers, but others may further moult to become soldiers or alates.
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Termites are often compared with the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in major differences in life cycle. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the employees are entirely female. Men (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.
Depending on species, both male and female employees may have different functions in a termite colony.63.
The life span of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult stages.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and go through a series of moults as they grow.
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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of this colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, employees must feed thembut employees also get involved in the social life of their colony and also have certain different activities to accomplish like foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones govern the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of the termites from becoming fertile queens.68.
Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight takes place. Alate men and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they perform , they excavate a chamber large enough for both, close up the entrance and move to mate.70 After mating, the set never go outside and spend the remainder of their lives in the nest.
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By way of instance, alates in certain species emerge during the daytime in summer while some emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around areas with lots of pop over to these guys lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, moisture, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the larger species normally having 1001,000 individuals.
The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but lays as many as 1,000 per day when the colony is a few years old.53 At maturity, a main queen has a great capacity to lay eggs. In certain species, the mature queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and might create 40,000 eggs a day.72 Both adult ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles each.73 The abdomen increases the queen's body length to a number of times greater than before mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant employees offer assistance.